Modelling frequency, attestation, and corpus-based information with OntoLex-FrAC

OntoLex-Lemon has become a de facto standard for lexical resources in the web of data. This paper provides the first overall description of the emerging OntoLex module for Frequency, Attestations, and Corpus-Based Information (OntoLex-FrAC) that is intended to complement OntoLex-Lemon with the necessary vocabulary to represent major types of information found in or automatically derived from corpora, for applications in both language technology and the language sciences

The Forgotten Document-Oriented Database Management Systems: An Overview and Benchmark of Native XML DODBMSes in Comparison with JSON DODBMSes

In the current context of Big Data, a multitude of new NoSQL solutions for storing, managing, and extracting information and patterns from semi-structured data have been proposed and implemented. These solutions were developed to relieve the issue of rigid data structures present in relational databases, by introducing semi-structured and flexible schema design. As current data generated by different sources and devices, especially from IoT sensors and actuators, use either XML or JSON format, depending on the application, database technologies that store and query semi-structured data in XML format are needed. Thus, Native XML Databases, which were initially designed to manipulate XML data using standardized querying languages, i.e., XQuery and XPath, were rebranded as NoSQL Document-Oriented Databases Systems. Currently, the majority of these solutions have been replaced with the more modern JSON based Database Management Systems. However, we believe that XML-based solutions can still deliver performance in executing complex queries on heterogeneous collections. Unfortunately nowadays, research lacks a clear comparison of the scalability and performance for database technologies that store and query documents in XML versus the more modern JSON format. Moreover, to the best of our knowledge, there are no Big Data-compliant benchmarks for such database technologies. In this paper, we present a comparison for selected Document-Oriented Database Systems that either use the XML format to encode documents, i.e., BaseX, eXist-db, and Sedna, or the JSON format, i.e., MongoDB, CouchDB, and Couchbase. To underline the performance differences we also propose a benchmark that uses a heterogeneous complex schema on a large DBLP corpus.Comment: 28 pages, 6 figures, 7 table

Post-traumatic humerus non-union treatment using fibular bone graft in a pediatric patient – case report

Clinica de Chirurgie și Ortopedie Pediatrică, Spitalul Clinic de Urgență pentru Copii ”Sfânta Maria”, Iași, România, Al XIII-lea Congres al Asociației Chirurgilor „Nicolae Anestiadi” și al III-lea Congres al Societății de Endoscopie, Chirurgie miniminvazivă și Ultrasonografie ”V.M.Guțu” din Republica MoldovaIntroducere: Pseudartroza de humerus prezintă o incidență de 8-12% în rândul populației pediatrice. Există o varietate largă de opțiuni terapeutice, principiile de tratament bazându-se pe reducere deschisă și osteosinteză sau utilizare de grefon osos, în funcție de caz. Material și metode: Pacientă în vârstă de 15 ani,victimă a unui accident rutier, s-a internat în urgență pentru traumatisme multiple, printre diagnosticele stabilite fiind fractura diafizei humerale stângi, pentru care s-a practicat reducere deschisă și osteosinteză cu placă și șuruburi. La un an postoperator s-a constatat pseudartroză la nivelul focarului de fractură. Rezultate obținute: S-au utilizat numeroase metode de tratament pentru cura pseudartrozei: montarea de fixator extern, injectare perilezională cu factori de creștere, o nouă osteosinteză cu placă și șuruburi și plombajul defectului osos cu ceramică bifazică. Întrucât pseudartroza a persistat, s-a optat pentru o nouă intervenție cu utilizarea grefonului osos peronier fixat centromedular la nivelul humerusului, evoluția postoperatorie fiind favorabilă. Concluzie: Pseudartroza de humerus rămâne una dintre cele mai dificile complicații ale fracturii de humerus din cauza frecvenței sale și a dificultăților de management terapeutic. În cazul de față, tratamentul chirurgical utilizând grefon osos autolog a avut rezultate optime, cu o rată bună de vindecare din punct de vedere anatomo-funcțional.Introduction: Humerus fracture non-union presents 8-12% of all the pediatric population. Treatment options are numerus and is generally based on open reduction with internal fixation or using bone graft depending on each case individually. Material and methods: 15 years old female patient, presented with road traffic crash, was admitted with multiple trauma. Left humerus shaft fracture was one of the established diagnosis, open reduction with internal fixation was performed using a plate and screws. 1 year postoperatively non-union was noticed on the check X-rays at the fracture site. Results: Multiple methods were used for non-union treatment: external fixator, growth factor hormone injection at fracture site, second open reduction with internal fixation attempt and biomaterial usage for bone loss. Fracture non-union persisted despite the usage of the mentioned methods. Decision was taken to use fibular bone graft as an intramedullary fixation of the humerus. Postoperative result and follow up were satisfactory. Conclusion: Humeral fracture non-union is one of the worse complications due to its frequency and difficult therapeutic management. In this presented case, surgical treatment using autologous bone graft reflected in optimal results, high anatomo-functional healing results

Izrada OWL ontologije za prikaz, povezivanje i pretraživanje SemAF diskursnih oznaka

Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD) are technologies that provide a powerful instrument for representing and interpreting language phenomena on a web-scale. The main objective of this paper is to demonstrate how LLOD technologies can be applied to represent and annotate a corpus composed of multiword discourse markers, and what the effects of this are. In particular, it is our aim to apply semantic web standards such as RDF and OWL for publishing and integrating data. We present a novel scheme for discourse annotation that combines ISO standards describing discourse relations and dialogue acts – ISO DR-Core (ISO 24617-8) and ISO-Dialogue Acts (ISO 24617-2) in 9 languages (cf. Silvano and Damova 2022; Silvano, et al. 2022). We develop an OWL ontology to formalize that scheme, provide a newly annotated dataset and link its RDF edition with the ontology. Consequently, we describe the conjoint querying of the ontology and the annotations by means of SPARQL, the standard query language for the web of data. The ultimate result is that we are able to perform queries over multiple, interlinked datasets with complex internal structure. This is a first, but essential step, in developing novel, powerful, and groundbreaking means for the corpus-based study of multilingual discourse, communication analysis, or attitudes discovery.Diskursni markeri jezični su znakovi koji pokazuju kako se iskaz odnosi na kontekst diskursa i koju ulogu ima u razgovoru. Lingvistički povezani otvoreni podatci (LLOD) tehnologije su u nastajanju koje omogućuju snažan instrument za prikaz i tumačenje jezičnih fenomena na razini weba. Glavni je cilj ovoga rada pokazati kako se tehnologije lingvistički povezanih otvorenih podataka (LLOD) mogu primijeniti za prikaz i označavanje korpusa višerječnih diskursnih markera te koji su učinci toga. Konkretno, naš je cilj primijeniti standarde semantičkoga weba kao što su RDF i Web Ontology Language (OWL) za objavljivanje i integraciju podataka. Autori predstavljaju novu shemu za označavanje diskursa koja kombinira ISO standarde za opis diskursnih odnosa i dijaloških činova – ISO DR-Core (ISO 24617-8) i ISO-Dialogue Acts (ISO 24617-2) na devet jezika (usp. Silvano, Purificação et al. 2022a; Silvano, Purificação et al. 2022b). Razvijamo OWL ontologiju kako bismo formalizirali tu shemu, pružili nov označeni skup podataka i povezali njegovu RDF inačicu s ontologijom. U skladu s tim opisujemo zajedničko postavljanje upita ontologiji i oznakama s pomoću SPARQL-a, standardnoga jezika upita za web podataka. Konačni je rezultat taj da možemo izvršiti upite nad višestrukim, međusobno povezanim skupovima podataka sa složenom unutarnjom strukturom bez potrebe za ikakvim specijaliziranim softverom. Umjesto toga upotrebljavaju se gotove tehnologije utemeljene na web standardima koje se bez napora mogu prenijeti na različite operativne sustave, baze podataka i programske jezike. Ovo je prvi, ali prijeloman korak u razvoju novih, snažnih i (u određenom trenutku) pristupačnih sredstava za korpusno utemeljena istraživanja višejezičnoga diskursa te za analizu komunikacije i otkrivanje stavova

An OWL ontology for ISO-based discourse marker annotation

Purpose: Discourse markers are linguistic cues that indicate how an utterance relates to the discourse context and what role it plays in conversation. The authors are preparing an annotated corpus in nine languages, and specifically aim to explore the role of Linguistic Linked Open Data (/LLOD) technologies in the process, i.e., the application of web standards such as RDF and the Web Ontology Language (OWL) for publishing and integrating data. We demonstrate the advantages of this approach

ISO-based annotated multilingual parallel corpus for discourse markers

Discourse markers carry information about the discourse structure and organization, and also signal local dependencies or epistemological stance of speaker. They provide instructions on how to interpret the discourse, and their study is paramount to understand the mechanism underlying discourse organization. This paper presents a new language resource, an ISO-based annotated multilingual parallel corpus for discourse markers. The corpus comprises nine languages, Bulgarian, Lithuanian, German, European Portuguese, Hebrew, Romanian, Polish, and Macedonian, with English as a pivot language. In order to represent the meaning of the discourse markers, we propose an annotation scheme of discourse relations from ISO 24617-8 with a plug-in to ISO 24617-2 for communicative functions. We describe an experiment in which we applied the annotation scheme to assess its validity. The results reveal that, although some extensions are required to cover all the multilingual data, it provides a proper representation of discourse markers value. Additionally, we report some relevant contrastive phenomena concerning discourse markers interpretation and role in discourse. This first step will allow us to develop deep learning methods to identify and extract discourse relations and communicative functions, and to represent that information as Linguistic Linked Open Data (LLOD)

Validation of language agnostic models for discourse marker detection

Using language models to detect or predict the presence of language phenomena in the text has become a mainstream research topic. With the rise of generative models, experiments using deep learning and transformer models trigger intense interest. Aspects like precision of predictions, portability to other languages or phenomena, scale have been central to the research community. Discourse markers, as language phenomena, perform important functions, such as signposting, signalling, and rephrasing, by facilitating discourse organization. Our paper is about discourse markers detection, a complex task as it pertains to a language phenomenon manifested by expressions that can occur as content words in some contexts and as discourse markers in others. We have adopted language agnostic model trained in English to predict the discourse marker presence in texts in 8 other unseen by the model languages with the goal to evaluate how well the model performs in different structure and lexical properties languages. We report on the process of evaluation and validation of the model's performance across European Portuguese, Hebrew, German, Polish, Romanian, Bulgarian, Macedonian, and Lithuanian and about the results of this validation. This research is a key step towards multilingual language processing

Historiae, History of Socio-Cultural Transformation as Linguistic Data Science. A Humanities Use Case

The paper proposes an interdisciplinary approach including methods from disciplines such as history of concepts, linguistics, natural language processing (NLP) and Semantic Web, to create a comparative framework for detecting semantic change in multilingual historical corpora and generating diachronic ontologies as linguistic linked open data (LLOD). Initiated as a use case (UC4.2.1) within the COST Action Nexus Linguarum, European network for Web-centred linguistic data science, the study will explore emerging trends in knowledge extraction, analysis and representation from linguistic data science, and apply the devised methodology to datasets in the humanities to trace the evolution of concepts from the domain of socio-cultural transformation. The paper will describe the main elements of the methodological framework and preliminary planning of the intended workflow

Neural Natural Language Generation: A Survey on Multilinguality, Multimodality, Controllability and Learning

Developing artificial learning systems that can understand and generate natural language has been one of the long-standing goals of artificial intelligence. Recent decades have witnessed an impressive progress on both of these problems, giving rise to a new family of approaches. Especially, the advances in deep learning over the past couple of years have led to neural approaches to natural language generation (NLG). These methods combine generative language learning techniques with neural-networks based frameworks. With a wide range of applications in natural language processing, neural NLG (NNLG) is a new and fast growing field of research. In this state-of-the-art report, we investigate the recent developments and applications of NNLG in its full extent from a multidimensional view, covering critical perspectives such as multimodality, multilinguality, controllability and learning strategies. We summarize the fundamental building blocks of NNLG approaches from these aspects and provide detailed reviews of commonly used preprocessing steps and basic neural architectures. This report also focuses on the seminal applications of these NNLG models such as machine translation, description generation, automatic speech recognition, abstractive summarization, text simplification, question answering and generation, and dialogue generation. Finally, we conclude with a thorough discussion of the described frameworks by pointing out some open research directions.This work has been partially supported by the European Commission ICT COST Action “Multi-task, Multilingual, Multi-modal Language Generation” (CA18231). AE was supported by BAGEP 2021 Award of the Science Academy. EE was supported in part by TUBA GEBIP 2018 Award. BP is in in part funded by Independent Research Fund Denmark (DFF) grant 9063-00077B. IC has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 838188. EL is partly funded by Generalitat Valenciana and the Spanish Government throught projects PROMETEU/2018/089 and RTI2018-094649-B-I00, respectively. SMI is partly funded by UNIRI project uniri-drustv-18-20. GB is partly supported by the Ministry of Innovation and the National Research, Development and Innovation Office within the framework of the Hungarian Artificial Intelligence National Laboratory Programme. COT is partially funded by the Romanian Ministry of European Investments and Projects through the Competitiveness Operational Program (POC) project “HOLOTRAIN” (grant no. 29/221 ap2/07.04.2020, SMIS code: 129077) and by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) through the project “AWAKEN: content-Aware and netWork-Aware faKE News mitigation” (grant no. 91809005). ESA is partially funded by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) through the project “Deep-Learning Anomaly Detection for Human and Automated Users Behavior” (grant no. 91809358)

Tracing Semantic Change with Multilingual LLOD and Diachronic Word Embeddings

Purpose: The project will combine word embedding techniques and linguistic linked open data (LLOD) with theoretical aspects from lexical semantics, the history of concepts, and knowledge organization to trace the evolution of concepts in a collection of multilingual diachronic corpora of seven extinct and extant languages (Latin, Ancient Greek, Hebrew, French, Old Lithuanian, Romanian, German). The outcome will consist of a sample of diachronic ontologies to be published on the LLOD cloud. It will also comprise reflections on the potential interconnections across different languages that can be built through these knowledge structures